Thursday, April 27, 2006
What if?
If Korea’s southern kingdom of Shilla had not allied itself with China during the wars of unification, Shilla couldn’t have won the war and the winner of the war might have been the kingdom of Kogurye. Because, at that time, Kogurye was the most powerful country in the Korean Peninsula.
If Kogurye had won the war, the territory of Korea would have reached to southern area of Songwha Liver where belongs to China now and the size of the territory would have been about three times bigger than that of united Korea. Based on this scenario, we can also assume that the population of Korea would have reached 200 million, and the balance of power of north-east Asia countries might be different from now. Three countries in this area, Korea, China, and Japan, may have kept equivalent power. There fore, it might be hard for one country acting on its own to initiate a war and Korean Peninsula wouldn’t have divided by unwanted war.
Moreover, we could have developed traditional and authentic cultures, such as language, religious, and arts without any other disturbances like wars. If so, Korea might have been one of the big, powerful, and advanced countries in the world.
If Kogurye had won the war, the territory of Korea would have reached to southern area of Songwha Liver where belongs to China now and the size of the territory would have been about three times bigger than that of united Korea. Based on this scenario, we can also assume that the population of Korea would have reached 200 million, and the balance of power of north-east Asia countries might be different from now. Three countries in this area, Korea, China, and Japan, may have kept equivalent power. There fore, it might be hard for one country acting on its own to initiate a war and Korean Peninsula wouldn’t have divided by unwanted war.
Moreover, we could have developed traditional and authentic cultures, such as language, religious, and arts without any other disturbances like wars. If so, Korea might have been one of the big, powerful, and advanced countries in the world.
Tuesday, April 18, 2006
introduction and conclusion
1. Introduction
There are certain periods in the life of an organization where crucial decisions for its
survival have to be made under circumstances of extreme pressure due to certain
incidents or events. These periods, which usually lead at a “turning point” in the
organizations lifecycle, are known as periods of crisis. In today’s dynamic, highvelocity
social and business environment, which is characterized by discontinuity and
disruptive change, crises are understood as more the norm rather than exception in
organizations. Managers increasingly realise “…that anytime you are not in a crisis,
you are instead in a pre-crisis, or a prodromal mode” (Fink, 1986:5). It is no longer a
question of “if” an organization will face a crisis; it is, rather, a question of “when,”
“what type” and “how prepared” the company is to deal with it (Mitroff et al., 1996).
No one person or organization, no country, nor a system is immune from crisis
(Coombs, 1999). Organizations that actually have a planned approach to deal with
crises hold that crises can be managed through a functional adaptation of the
organization, its management and their decision making processes to the extreme
conditions of the crisis. They focus on prevention and preparedness, invest substantial
resources in planning an effective crisis response and the continuity of their missioncritical
functions through the crisis and anticipate a reasonable recovery and return to
“business-as-usual” mode in the aftermath of the crisis. However, although this is the
dominant “crisis management” paradigm, it simply views a crisis as an isolated event
with a clearly identifiable trajectory that is bounded by a beginning and an end and
causing death, mayhem and other damage (Rosenthal, 1998). This view has been
called into question by several scholars who argue that today crises are not boxed in
by set dates that mark a clear beginning and ending and are embedded vulnerabilities
that smolder, emerge, wind down, mutate, and flare up again (‘t Hart & Boin, 2001).
Crises are becoming increasingly complex in both quantitative and qualitative terms
(Robert & Lajtha, 2002) and the traditional approach in dealing with them is often
proven inadequate and ineffective. This paper builds on work exploring the usefulness
of chaos and complexity science principles and concepts in dealing with crises
(Murphy, 1996; Comfort, 1996; Seeger, 2002) and develops it further by offering a
complexity perspective for the design of a crisis response system.
6. Conclusion
The purpose of this paper is to give a new context to crisis response. The basic
concepts of crisis planning, signal detection, prevention/mitigation, damage
limitation, recovery, etc. are still present throughout the paper. Complexity science
does not make the current terminology redundant but gives a new context to crisis
response. As illustrated by an excellent metaphor by Goss, Pascale and Athos
(1993:100) “context is like the colour of the light, not the objects in the room”. The
concepts of complexity science give us another view of the interactions between crisis
response and the evolution of the organization, far from equilibrium dynamics,
positive and negative feedback loops that can sustain or offset the crisis response, as
well as the important fact that crises are themselves complex systems and therefore
often not directly controllable by the organization.
In this turbulent environment crisis planning has a diminishing capacity to achieve
specific outcomes, especially at more aggregate levels. Nevertheless, the crisis
response system has the ability to shape the overall trajectory of the organization’s
evolution. The complexity science perspective also shifts the focus of crisis response
from specific crisis-related outcomes towards crisis response processes and relations
between the crisis stakeholders. The paper has also offered a framework for the
design of a crisis response system identifying the specific attributes is should possess
in addition to those of a CCES. However, much more research is necessary before the
full implications of complexity theory for organizational crisis response are fully
understood
There are certain periods in the life of an organization where crucial decisions for its
survival have to be made under circumstances of extreme pressure due to certain
incidents or events. These periods, which usually lead at a “turning point” in the
organizations lifecycle, are known as periods of crisis. In today’s dynamic, highvelocity
social and business environment, which is characterized by discontinuity and
disruptive change, crises are understood as more the norm rather than exception in
organizations. Managers increasingly realise “…that anytime you are not in a crisis,
you are instead in a pre-crisis, or a prodromal mode” (Fink, 1986:5). It is no longer a
question of “if” an organization will face a crisis; it is, rather, a question of “when,”
“what type” and “how prepared” the company is to deal with it (Mitroff et al., 1996).
No one person or organization, no country, nor a system is immune from crisis
(Coombs, 1999). Organizations that actually have a planned approach to deal with
crises hold that crises can be managed through a functional adaptation of the
organization, its management and their decision making processes to the extreme
conditions of the crisis. They focus on prevention and preparedness, invest substantial
resources in planning an effective crisis response and the continuity of their missioncritical
functions through the crisis and anticipate a reasonable recovery and return to
“business-as-usual” mode in the aftermath of the crisis. However, although this is the
dominant “crisis management” paradigm, it simply views a crisis as an isolated event
with a clearly identifiable trajectory that is bounded by a beginning and an end and
causing death, mayhem and other damage (Rosenthal, 1998). This view has been
called into question by several scholars who argue that today crises are not boxed in
by set dates that mark a clear beginning and ending and are embedded vulnerabilities
that smolder, emerge, wind down, mutate, and flare up again (‘t Hart & Boin, 2001).
Crises are becoming increasingly complex in both quantitative and qualitative terms
(Robert & Lajtha, 2002) and the traditional approach in dealing with them is often
proven inadequate and ineffective. This paper builds on work exploring the usefulness
of chaos and complexity science principles and concepts in dealing with crises
(Murphy, 1996; Comfort, 1996; Seeger, 2002) and develops it further by offering a
complexity perspective for the design of a crisis response system.
6. Conclusion
The purpose of this paper is to give a new context to crisis response. The basic
concepts of crisis planning, signal detection, prevention/mitigation, damage
limitation, recovery, etc. are still present throughout the paper. Complexity science
does not make the current terminology redundant but gives a new context to crisis
response. As illustrated by an excellent metaphor by Goss, Pascale and Athos
(1993:100) “context is like the colour of the light, not the objects in the room”. The
concepts of complexity science give us another view of the interactions between crisis
response and the evolution of the organization, far from equilibrium dynamics,
positive and negative feedback loops that can sustain or offset the crisis response, as
well as the important fact that crises are themselves complex systems and therefore
often not directly controllable by the organization.
In this turbulent environment crisis planning has a diminishing capacity to achieve
specific outcomes, especially at more aggregate levels. Nevertheless, the crisis
response system has the ability to shape the overall trajectory of the organization’s
evolution. The complexity science perspective also shifts the focus of crisis response
from specific crisis-related outcomes towards crisis response processes and relations
between the crisis stakeholders. The paper has also offered a framework for the
design of a crisis response system identifying the specific attributes is should possess
in addition to those of a CCES. However, much more research is necessary before the
full implications of complexity theory for organizational crisis response are fully
understood
GATTACA
Discuss the film Gattaca
If some one ask me, “Dystopia” presented in this film is a realistic possibility in the future? At the beginning, I can hit upon the words; human beings can do everything that they aspire to. I have used this words very open to express human beings’ positive capacities. Even though, in this case, some negative activities are involved, when I use this sentence as an example. I want to use this as an answer to the question.
Most people want to be better than others, especially their rivals. Such thoughts are natural and reasonable. Such competitive spirits may have helped our society as people strive to achieve their goals. It means that if there is a certain possibility to obtain perfect genes through genetic engineering, they might want to get the chance and want to be success. Especially, if someone have experience such discriminations that Vincent has in the film, GATTACA, he may bet everything he has. If such cases generalize in the future, our society may be easily demolished and finally we could realize that we are in “Dystopia.”
Isn’t there any positive role of Generic Engineering? We can fine it easily around us and this science has endless probability to develop our human beings. If so, the conclusion is apparent. We need to control this science very strictly by law not to use indiscriminate and deviate moral conscientious.
If some one ask me, “Dystopia” presented in this film is a realistic possibility in the future? At the beginning, I can hit upon the words; human beings can do everything that they aspire to. I have used this words very open to express human beings’ positive capacities. Even though, in this case, some negative activities are involved, when I use this sentence as an example. I want to use this as an answer to the question.
Most people want to be better than others, especially their rivals. Such thoughts are natural and reasonable. Such competitive spirits may have helped our society as people strive to achieve their goals. It means that if there is a certain possibility to obtain perfect genes through genetic engineering, they might want to get the chance and want to be success. Especially, if someone have experience such discriminations that Vincent has in the film, GATTACA, he may bet everything he has. If such cases generalize in the future, our society may be easily demolished and finally we could realize that we are in “Dystopia.”
Isn’t there any positive role of Generic Engineering? We can fine it easily around us and this science has endless probability to develop our human beings. If so, the conclusion is apparent. We need to control this science very strictly by law not to use indiscriminate and deviate moral conscientious.
Thursday, April 13, 2006
123
Should We Allow Genetic Engineering? A Public Policy Analysis of Germline Enhancement
A paper written as a backgound for discussion
N. Schichor, J. Simonet, C. Canano
In sum, the landscape of international operational policy and United States' domestic policy are currently in a state of flux. The United States has used stopgap measures to prevent one situation from progressing, but it does not have a proactive mechanism in place to stop the private sector from engaging in other research or practices like the New Jersey reproductive healthcare clinic example. That would require an act of Congress, a slow and drawn out legislative process loaded with ethical decisions. Our experiences with eugenics have shown that government should be wary of becoming too involved. On the other hand, leaving germline engineering free to develop in an unregulated market doesn't allow morality or the public interest to affect the trajectory of germline engineering. Ultimately, the United States will have to make a legislative decision in the near future, or risk the private sector dictating the next steps.
Post the conclusions into your blogs and then analyze them based on the Conclusion Worksheet. In particular, determine whether the conclusion restates the claim and whether it discusses the study's findings. -> restates the claim
Other questions to ask include:
· What type of paper is it? : Recommendation for policy
· What's the structure of paper? ( introduction, body, conclusion) Where is the conclusion located?(at the end of the paper) Is it separate from sections of the paper discussing the study's findings or implications? (Yes)
· Does the conclusion summarize the paper's argument? : NO
· Does it discuss the paper's broader significance? : YES
· Does it provide a practical application of findings? : NO
· Does it offer speculative conclusions? If so, what words and phrases tell the reader that the statement is speculative? : NO
· Does it call for further research? : NO
· Does it use an anecdote or image from the introduction? NO
· What other features or patterns did you notice?
Designer Babies: One Step Closer
by Samuel Hensley
These concerns for tomorrow begin with Joshua’s parents today. The proposal is to select purposefully a child solely for his ability to provide a donor source for another child.5 Creating life primarily to serve someone else, especially when the other life may be rejected and destroyed for the simple reason that it did not meet the parents’ needs, is an action that should always be condemned. CBHD
Post the conclusions into your blogs and then analyze them based on the Conclusion Worksheet. In particular, determine whether the conclusion restates the claim and whether it discusses the study's findings. ->restates the claim
Other questions to ask include:
· What type of paper is it? Criticize
· What's the structure of paper? Where is the conclusion located? Is it separate from sections of the paper discussing the study's findings or implications?
· Does the conclusion summarize the paper's argument? : NO
· Does it discuss the paper's broader significance? : YES
· Does it provide a practical application of findings? : NO
· Does it offer speculative conclusions? If so, what words and phrases tell the reader that the statement is speculative? : NO
· Does it call for further research? : NO
· Does it use an anecdote or image from the introduction? NO
· What other features or patterns did you notice?
CONCLUSION
(summarizing the findings) When clinicians are faced with a request to perform predictive genetic testing on a young person, where medical benefit will not be an outcome, there is a default position that has been set. The default position is to refuse testing based on existing guidelines and similar arguments made in the literature. However, there is a small amount of room to move. If the young person can be deemed competent, testing may be considered. (limitations of the current study) Currently empirical evidence is so lacking that we are not capable of either corroborating or refuting such a default position. This position therefore remains a cautionary position and also perhaps a temporary one, given the range of arguments in favour of such testing.
(recommendations for further work) Empirical research must be a priority. Qualitative research is vital as a starting point in understanding the range of impacts that predictive testing may have on young people. Such research must explore both the beneficial and harmful outcomes of testing in order to provide a balanced range of items to research in a more standardized manner in the future. Standardized research into the effects of testing young people must occur prospectively so that measures including anxiety, depression and quality of life can be compared to a base-line score. It would also be beneficial to use the same standardized measures that have already been utilized to study the effects of similar testing in adults. Similar testing is accepted in adults and so the reported effects of predictive genetic testing in adults provide a base-line for comparison. Only in this way can we
Predictive genetic testing in children 595 begin to develop the empirical evidence needed to justify, or refute, current recommendations.
A paper written as a backgound for discussion
N. Schichor, J. Simonet, C. Canano
In sum, the landscape of international operational policy and United States' domestic policy are currently in a state of flux. The United States has used stopgap measures to prevent one situation from progressing, but it does not have a proactive mechanism in place to stop the private sector from engaging in other research or practices like the New Jersey reproductive healthcare clinic example. That would require an act of Congress, a slow and drawn out legislative process loaded with ethical decisions. Our experiences with eugenics have shown that government should be wary of becoming too involved. On the other hand, leaving germline engineering free to develop in an unregulated market doesn't allow morality or the public interest to affect the trajectory of germline engineering. Ultimately, the United States will have to make a legislative decision in the near future, or risk the private sector dictating the next steps.
Post the conclusions into your blogs and then analyze them based on the Conclusion Worksheet. In particular, determine whether the conclusion restates the claim and whether it discusses the study's findings. -> restates the claim
Other questions to ask include:
· What type of paper is it? : Recommendation for policy
· What's the structure of paper? ( introduction, body, conclusion) Where is the conclusion located?(at the end of the paper) Is it separate from sections of the paper discussing the study's findings or implications? (Yes)
· Does the conclusion summarize the paper's argument? : NO
· Does it discuss the paper's broader significance? : YES
· Does it provide a practical application of findings? : NO
· Does it offer speculative conclusions? If so, what words and phrases tell the reader that the statement is speculative? : NO
· Does it call for further research? : NO
· Does it use an anecdote or image from the introduction? NO
· What other features or patterns did you notice?
Designer Babies: One Step Closer
by Samuel Hensley
These concerns for tomorrow begin with Joshua’s parents today. The proposal is to select purposefully a child solely for his ability to provide a donor source for another child.5 Creating life primarily to serve someone else, especially when the other life may be rejected and destroyed for the simple reason that it did not meet the parents’ needs, is an action that should always be condemned. CBHD
Post the conclusions into your blogs and then analyze them based on the Conclusion Worksheet. In particular, determine whether the conclusion restates the claim and whether it discusses the study's findings. ->restates the claim
Other questions to ask include:
· What type of paper is it? Criticize
· What's the structure of paper? Where is the conclusion located? Is it separate from sections of the paper discussing the study's findings or implications?
· Does the conclusion summarize the paper's argument? : NO
· Does it discuss the paper's broader significance? : YES
· Does it provide a practical application of findings? : NO
· Does it offer speculative conclusions? If so, what words and phrases tell the reader that the statement is speculative? : NO
· Does it call for further research? : NO
· Does it use an anecdote or image from the introduction? NO
· What other features or patterns did you notice?
CONCLUSION
(summarizing the findings) When clinicians are faced with a request to perform predictive genetic testing on a young person, where medical benefit will not be an outcome, there is a default position that has been set. The default position is to refuse testing based on existing guidelines and similar arguments made in the literature. However, there is a small amount of room to move. If the young person can be deemed competent, testing may be considered. (limitations of the current study) Currently empirical evidence is so lacking that we are not capable of either corroborating or refuting such a default position. This position therefore remains a cautionary position and also perhaps a temporary one, given the range of arguments in favour of such testing.
(recommendations for further work) Empirical research must be a priority. Qualitative research is vital as a starting point in understanding the range of impacts that predictive testing may have on young people. Such research must explore both the beneficial and harmful outcomes of testing in order to provide a balanced range of items to research in a more standardized manner in the future. Standardized research into the effects of testing young people must occur prospectively so that measures including anxiety, depression and quality of life can be compared to a base-line score. It would also be beneficial to use the same standardized measures that have already been utilized to study the effects of similar testing in adults. Similar testing is accepted in adults and so the reported effects of predictive genetic testing in adults provide a base-line for comparison. Only in this way can we
Predictive genetic testing in children 595 begin to develop the empirical evidence needed to justify, or refute, current recommendations.
Tuesday, April 11, 2006
Practice Addressing
e-mail to friend
Hi Friend,
After receiving your e-mail, I have pondered over how you can reduce TV-watching.
During most of your free time, you tend to stay home. As you may know, you can only do some limited activities at home and most of them are reiterative and tedious. Therefore, when you are staying at home, you may want to find something new events. But I know it is not easy because I also have experienced many times.
At that time, I think the only source that can give you some fresh air like new information and news is television. It means that whenever you stay at home, feel bored, and find something new, you automatically fine remote-controller and turn on TV. I think that is the main reason why you watch too much television.
In conclusion, you should find some out door activities such as playing golf, meeting friends, and climbing mountain. When you reduce your time staying at home, you can reduce your TV-watching.
Good bye.
Sincerely yours
Memorandum
To : Professor
From : Byoungdo Jung
Re : How to reduce TV-watching
Date : 11/04/06
These days, a general trend of spending one’s free time is staying at home. How do they usually spend their free time diversely at home? Actually, we can do some limited activities at home. In this aspect, watching TV is I think one of the most attractive events. Especially, because of the development of IT industries and programming technologies, we can be provided TV services in the high quality of resolution, the big size of screen, and the variety level of programs. So many people have easily induced to the television -watching addiction.
In these circumstances, when we are at home, it is not easy for us to keep away from attracting of television. So the best way to escape from this kind of addiction is staying out. It means that we need to prepare more attractive activities outside at home. Another way to control one’s addiction is to develop indoor activities except watching TV. If inevitably someone stay at home and feel like to watch TV strongly, he or she should have some alternative indoor activities for example reading, playing with family, and Yoga. These kinds of indoor activities are good for rejecting the addiction. Additionally, Trying to watch limited TV programs upon your time plan and interests is also other way to control your addiction.
In conclusion, developing outdoor activities and indoor activities except watching television, and trying to watch restricted time and program may best ways to control one’s addiction to television viewing.
Hi Friend,
After receiving your e-mail, I have pondered over how you can reduce TV-watching.
During most of your free time, you tend to stay home. As you may know, you can only do some limited activities at home and most of them are reiterative and tedious. Therefore, when you are staying at home, you may want to find something new events. But I know it is not easy because I also have experienced many times.
At that time, I think the only source that can give you some fresh air like new information and news is television. It means that whenever you stay at home, feel bored, and find something new, you automatically fine remote-controller and turn on TV. I think that is the main reason why you watch too much television.
In conclusion, you should find some out door activities such as playing golf, meeting friends, and climbing mountain. When you reduce your time staying at home, you can reduce your TV-watching.
Good bye.
Sincerely yours
Memorandum
To : Professor
From : Byoungdo Jung
Re : How to reduce TV-watching
Date : 11/04/06
These days, a general trend of spending one’s free time is staying at home. How do they usually spend their free time diversely at home? Actually, we can do some limited activities at home. In this aspect, watching TV is I think one of the most attractive events. Especially, because of the development of IT industries and programming technologies, we can be provided TV services in the high quality of resolution, the big size of screen, and the variety level of programs. So many people have easily induced to the television -watching addiction.
In these circumstances, when we are at home, it is not easy for us to keep away from attracting of television. So the best way to escape from this kind of addiction is staying out. It means that we need to prepare more attractive activities outside at home. Another way to control one’s addiction is to develop indoor activities except watching TV. If inevitably someone stay at home and feel like to watch TV strongly, he or she should have some alternative indoor activities for example reading, playing with family, and Yoga. These kinds of indoor activities are good for rejecting the addiction. Additionally, Trying to watch limited TV programs upon your time plan and interests is also other way to control your addiction.
In conclusion, developing outdoor activities and indoor activities except watching television, and trying to watch restricted time and program may best ways to control one’s addiction to television viewing.
Sunday, April 09, 2006
a short description of three introductions
1. A COMPARISON OF GENDER-RELATED ATTITUDES TOWARDS MATHEMATICS BETWEEN GIRLS IN SINGLE-SEX AND CO-EDUCATIONAL SCHOOLS
Introduction
Move3 The purpose of my dissertation is to make statistical comparisons of gender-related attitudes towards mathematics between girls in a single-sex school and girls in a co-educational school. In conducting this investigation I have considered the recent gender-related alternative conceptions of equity including alternative methods of inquiry and recent developments. Hopefully as studies in new directions evolve, their results will cause presently evolving policies and practices to proceed in a more equitable way.
Although research in this area is an extremely complex process, due to the many factors and their inter-relatedness which impact on attitude and to the inherent problems encountered when measuring such variables as attitude, I am looking for evidence that will test the hypothesis that single-sex schooling for girls provides an environment which enhances girls' attitudes towards mathematics in a positive way. I believe that attitude is the most influential determinant of success or achievement, whether it be in terms of attainment or continued participation, and so this evidence would have important implications.
MOVE 2 Previous research in this area has had a major impact on educational opportunity but may have produced equality of opportunity rather than the provision of equity. Much of this research has been evaluated in a quantitative way, perhaps focused on the inputs, processes or outcomes of education, and determining public policy and practice.
MOVE 1 According to Secada, Fennema and Adajian [1995], the most recent developments in scholarly enquiry have begun to focus on new areas through research in cognitive psychology, by bringing the problem of gender bias to the fore and seeking solutions.
Globally, education is in a transitional state, where there are frequent contradictory calls for reform. In the U.S., Secada et al.[1995] exemplify these changes by looking at efforts in restructuring the classroom, school or district to efforts that include elements of competition and choice in schooling, which up until recently has been thought of as a free public service available to all.
In attempting to investigate equity, it is necessary to anticipate new social questions and new directions in both research and policy so that equity-based ideas can become an integral part of such policies as they are implemented.
In 1991, the National Centre for Research in Mathematical Sciences Education [NCRMSE] [Secada,G. et al. 1995] commissioned a series of papers from mathematics educators on the education of girls. Among those that considered issues of gender-bias was the work of G. C. Leder, which considers how competent people are disempowered by psychosocial processes in classrooms and this would appear to have great relevance to the issue of single-sex schooling.
This topic is of great interest to me as I have recently joined the staff of a single-sex girls' school - the only surviving single-sex school in Bermuda, where the remaining six government schools and three private secondary schools are all co-educational. As the last remaining single-sex institution, the school has to continually justify why it chooses to remain so, and has an important part to play in educating present and prospective parents, as well as the population in general, about gender inequality and the impact that single-sex schooling can have on addressing this problem.
Purposes that the introduction accomplishes. In particular, which "moves" are used in each introduction. : Previous research,
2. Korea’s Information and Communication Technology Boom, and
Cultural Transition After the Crisis
Introduction
MOVE 1 In 1998 the Korean economy appeared to be hopeless in the aftermath of the financial crisis. When in October 1998 the Ministry of Finance and Economy (MOFE) predicted 2 percent growth for the next year, criticism of government’s rosy prediction rained down. At the time, most private research institutions predicted negative economic growth for the next year. Even at the end of 1998, most predictions were for less than 1 percent growth in gross domestic product (GDP) at best. The
International Monetary Fund (IMF) predicted a 1 percent contraction in its report, World Economic
Outlook, and the World Bank predicted 1 percent growth in its Global Economic Prospects, each
published in December 1998. Private predictions remained between –1.8 and 1.0 percent growth for
1999.
The composite index of leading indicators, which predicts economic conditions several months in
advance, made negative economic growth seem inevitable; most variables in the composite index
recorded dramatic declines compared with the previous year. For example, the producers’ shipment
index, which predic ts durable consumption about 6 months in advance, fell from –20.3 to –26.5 percent. The floor area indicated in building construction permits foretold a decline in construction investment from –63.4 to –72.1 percent, and the industrial production index for intermediate construction fell from –30.2 to –32.7 percent between July and October 1998. Predictions based on econometric models, even those using the optimistic assumption of huge inventory adjustments, suggested a maximum of 1 percent growth.
One year later, however, the picture was very different. In fact, in 1999 the GDP growth rate registered a 10.9 percent increase, compared with negative 6.7 percent in 1998. The next year, 2000, saw 9.3 percent growth – two strong years in succession. It had been impossible to predict such strong growth and rapid recovery from the economic data in 1998. In view of the unpredictability of the recovery, some have labeled it another “miracle.” The key to Korea’s miracle recovery was the emergence of a new industry based on information and communication technology (ICT), an area that had not been significant in national accounting previously.1 The year 1998 and the first part of 1999 had been the worst in terms of unemployment and bankruptcy in the modern history of Korea’s economy. Business activity had all but come to a halt, unemployment rates were high, a series of bankruptcies emerged in the wake of a credit crunch, and so on. MOVE 2 The miracle recovery raised a number of questions including the biggest puzzle of all -- why the new ICT industry began to emerge, to put forth its blossoms, in this very dark economic period.
MOVE 3 The aim of this study is to analyze the progress of Korea’s recovery during 1999 and 2000 and investigates the momentum of the rapid development of the new ICT industry. Not only the economic factors that spurred the recovery, but also the philosophical and cultural factors that influenced Korea’s recovery from its worst economic conditions in modern times are considered. Non-economic factors are important to a complete analysis of the recovery progress because the “miracle” cannot be explained by economic factors alone. Section II examines the progress of recovery by tracing the economic situation from 1998 to 2000, and Section III describes the rapid development of information and communication technology and the boom of venture firms. Section IV reviews the momentum of the emerging new industry from the traditional economic viewpoint, and Section V introduces additional cultural factors to explain Korea’s rapid recovery through the development of the ICT industry. Conclusions are presented in Section VI.
Purposes that the introduction accomplishes. In particular, which "moves" are used in each introduction.
→ Background of Korean economy around 1998,
3. The Diversified Future
Introduction
MOVE1 Tanzania is often said to be one of the poorest countries in the world. At the
same time it is described as a country with a large informal, or “second”,
economy. In the mid-1980s, after almost three decades of state-led development
strategies, attempts were made to open up the economy to international
trade, to deregulate internal markets and privatise parastatals and marketing
boards.
These economic reforms were meant to open up opportunities for economic
actors all over the country. Some observers have described both urban
and rural areas as economically thriving. This description has, however, been
questioned by studies showing economic inequalities to be on the rise and
agricultural production growing more slowly than the increase in population.
Still others claim that the well-being of a majority of rural residents actually
has decreased during the 1990s, or at least during parts of this decade. The
starting point for this study is this uncertainty about the results of economic
reforms in rural areas.
MOVE 2 The question that emerges is what kind of dynamics is actually developing
in rural Tanzania. Should an economy that is mainly rural, and that has been
exposed to government regulations, and therefore also possibly “government
failures”, for an extended period of time, not use the opportunities of deregulation
in a more widespread manner? Should not markets more clearly be
seen to be developing on a broad front?
MOVE 3 In this study, we will argue that part of the explanation of the dynamics
that actually unfolds in rural Tanzania, stems from the behaviour of a number
of local economic actors in the economy. We further argue that institutional
set-ups, which are essentially local in their character, guide this behaviour.
First, however, we need to dwell into what might actually be known about
economic development and the state of poverty in rural areas.
Purposes that the introduction accomplishes. In particular, which "moves" are used in each introduction. : Background
Introduction
Move3 The purpose of my dissertation is to make statistical comparisons of gender-related attitudes towards mathematics between girls in a single-sex school and girls in a co-educational school. In conducting this investigation I have considered the recent gender-related alternative conceptions of equity including alternative methods of inquiry and recent developments. Hopefully as studies in new directions evolve, their results will cause presently evolving policies and practices to proceed in a more equitable way.
Although research in this area is an extremely complex process, due to the many factors and their inter-relatedness which impact on attitude and to the inherent problems encountered when measuring such variables as attitude, I am looking for evidence that will test the hypothesis that single-sex schooling for girls provides an environment which enhances girls' attitudes towards mathematics in a positive way. I believe that attitude is the most influential determinant of success or achievement, whether it be in terms of attainment or continued participation, and so this evidence would have important implications.
MOVE 2 Previous research in this area has had a major impact on educational opportunity but may have produced equality of opportunity rather than the provision of equity. Much of this research has been evaluated in a quantitative way, perhaps focused on the inputs, processes or outcomes of education, and determining public policy and practice.
MOVE 1 According to Secada, Fennema and Adajian [1995], the most recent developments in scholarly enquiry have begun to focus on new areas through research in cognitive psychology, by bringing the problem of gender bias to the fore and seeking solutions.
Globally, education is in a transitional state, where there are frequent contradictory calls for reform. In the U.S., Secada et al.[1995] exemplify these changes by looking at efforts in restructuring the classroom, school or district to efforts that include elements of competition and choice in schooling, which up until recently has been thought of as a free public service available to all.
In attempting to investigate equity, it is necessary to anticipate new social questions and new directions in both research and policy so that equity-based ideas can become an integral part of such policies as they are implemented.
In 1991, the National Centre for Research in Mathematical Sciences Education [NCRMSE] [Secada,G. et al. 1995] commissioned a series of papers from mathematics educators on the education of girls. Among those that considered issues of gender-bias was the work of G. C. Leder, which considers how competent people are disempowered by psychosocial processes in classrooms and this would appear to have great relevance to the issue of single-sex schooling.
This topic is of great interest to me as I have recently joined the staff of a single-sex girls' school - the only surviving single-sex school in Bermuda, where the remaining six government schools and three private secondary schools are all co-educational. As the last remaining single-sex institution, the school has to continually justify why it chooses to remain so, and has an important part to play in educating present and prospective parents, as well as the population in general, about gender inequality and the impact that single-sex schooling can have on addressing this problem.
Purposes that the introduction accomplishes. In particular, which "moves" are used in each introduction. : Previous research,
2. Korea’s Information and Communication Technology Boom, and
Cultural Transition After the Crisis
Introduction
MOVE 1 In 1998 the Korean economy appeared to be hopeless in the aftermath of the financial crisis. When in October 1998 the Ministry of Finance and Economy (MOFE) predicted 2 percent growth for the next year, criticism of government’s rosy prediction rained down. At the time, most private research institutions predicted negative economic growth for the next year. Even at the end of 1998, most predictions were for less than 1 percent growth in gross domestic product (GDP) at best. The
International Monetary Fund (IMF) predicted a 1 percent contraction in its report, World Economic
Outlook, and the World Bank predicted 1 percent growth in its Global Economic Prospects, each
published in December 1998. Private predictions remained between –1.8 and 1.0 percent growth for
1999.
The composite index of leading indicators, which predicts economic conditions several months in
advance, made negative economic growth seem inevitable; most variables in the composite index
recorded dramatic declines compared with the previous year. For example, the producers’ shipment
index, which predic ts durable consumption about 6 months in advance, fell from –20.3 to –26.5 percent. The floor area indicated in building construction permits foretold a decline in construction investment from –63.4 to –72.1 percent, and the industrial production index for intermediate construction fell from –30.2 to –32.7 percent between July and October 1998. Predictions based on econometric models, even those using the optimistic assumption of huge inventory adjustments, suggested a maximum of 1 percent growth.
One year later, however, the picture was very different. In fact, in 1999 the GDP growth rate registered a 10.9 percent increase, compared with negative 6.7 percent in 1998. The next year, 2000, saw 9.3 percent growth – two strong years in succession. It had been impossible to predict such strong growth and rapid recovery from the economic data in 1998. In view of the unpredictability of the recovery, some have labeled it another “miracle.” The key to Korea’s miracle recovery was the emergence of a new industry based on information and communication technology (ICT), an area that had not been significant in national accounting previously.1 The year 1998 and the first part of 1999 had been the worst in terms of unemployment and bankruptcy in the modern history of Korea’s economy. Business activity had all but come to a halt, unemployment rates were high, a series of bankruptcies emerged in the wake of a credit crunch, and so on. MOVE 2 The miracle recovery raised a number of questions including the biggest puzzle of all -- why the new ICT industry began to emerge, to put forth its blossoms, in this very dark economic period.
MOVE 3 The aim of this study is to analyze the progress of Korea’s recovery during 1999 and 2000 and investigates the momentum of the rapid development of the new ICT industry. Not only the economic factors that spurred the recovery, but also the philosophical and cultural factors that influenced Korea’s recovery from its worst economic conditions in modern times are considered. Non-economic factors are important to a complete analysis of the recovery progress because the “miracle” cannot be explained by economic factors alone. Section II examines the progress of recovery by tracing the economic situation from 1998 to 2000, and Section III describes the rapid development of information and communication technology and the boom of venture firms. Section IV reviews the momentum of the emerging new industry from the traditional economic viewpoint, and Section V introduces additional cultural factors to explain Korea’s rapid recovery through the development of the ICT industry. Conclusions are presented in Section VI.
Purposes that the introduction accomplishes. In particular, which "moves" are used in each introduction.
→ Background of Korean economy around 1998,
3. The Diversified Future
Introduction
MOVE1 Tanzania is often said to be one of the poorest countries in the world. At the
same time it is described as a country with a large informal, or “second”,
economy. In the mid-1980s, after almost three decades of state-led development
strategies, attempts were made to open up the economy to international
trade, to deregulate internal markets and privatise parastatals and marketing
boards.
These economic reforms were meant to open up opportunities for economic
actors all over the country. Some observers have described both urban
and rural areas as economically thriving. This description has, however, been
questioned by studies showing economic inequalities to be on the rise and
agricultural production growing more slowly than the increase in population.
Still others claim that the well-being of a majority of rural residents actually
has decreased during the 1990s, or at least during parts of this decade. The
starting point for this study is this uncertainty about the results of economic
reforms in rural areas.
MOVE 2 The question that emerges is what kind of dynamics is actually developing
in rural Tanzania. Should an economy that is mainly rural, and that has been
exposed to government regulations, and therefore also possibly “government
failures”, for an extended period of time, not use the opportunities of deregulation
in a more widespread manner? Should not markets more clearly be
seen to be developing on a broad front?
MOVE 3 In this study, we will argue that part of the explanation of the dynamics
that actually unfolds in rural Tanzania, stems from the behaviour of a number
of local economic actors in the economy. We further argue that institutional
set-ups, which are essentially local in their character, guide this behaviour.
First, however, we need to dwell into what might actually be known about
economic development and the state of poverty in rural areas.
Purposes that the introduction accomplishes. In particular, which "moves" are used in each introduction. : Background
Tuesday, April 04, 2006
a problem-solving essay
These days, most advanced countries invest much money in disaster related affairs to protect people and properties from disasters. Theoretically, there are four steps, preparedness, prevention, response, and recovery, to manage disasters. They try to focus their policy on prevention phrase because it is best way to manage disasters. Secondly they also have efficient organizations to cope with them. So they can manage disasters effectively.
What is the most efficient type of organization for responding disasters in Korea? We have experience many big disasters such as the collapsing incident of the Sampung department, falling down incident of Sungsu-bridge, and Daegu subway fire incident, Why these kinds of disaster have broken out continuously in Korea. Compared to other countries, the frequency and the severity of these incidents are open and high. There are some reasons why we should experience them very open.
The primary reason of these incidents is that we have poor safety related regulations. Since 1970, Korea has developed rapidly. As the result, some kinds of social environment have changed the same trends such as expended city, high-rising building, and complex infrastructure. However, the regulations about safety standards of these facilities have never changed into the reasonable level.
As you may know, in order to establish the reasonable standards and regulations, it is imperative to get some advanced knowledge base on disasters like university and institute studying this field but we don’t have suitable institutes .
What is the most efficient type of organization for responding disasters in Korea? We have experience many big disasters such as the collapsing incident of the Sampung department, falling down incident of Sungsu-bridge, and Daegu subway fire incident, Why these kinds of disaster have broken out continuously in Korea. Compared to other countries, the frequency and the severity of these incidents are open and high. There are some reasons why we should experience them very open.
The primary reason of these incidents is that we have poor safety related regulations. Since 1970, Korea has developed rapidly. As the result, some kinds of social environment have changed the same trends such as expended city, high-rising building, and complex infrastructure. However, the regulations about safety standards of these facilities have never changed into the reasonable level.
As you may know, in order to establish the reasonable standards and regulations, it is imperative to get some advanced knowledge base on disasters like university and institute studying this field but we don’t have suitable institutes .
Tuesday, March 28, 2006
What is Terrorism?
Since the 911 attack on the WTC, many Americans have worried about terrorism. Many people have used the word very broadly even to describe acts that don’t constitude to terrorism. At this point, we need to determine the accurate definition of terrorism. What is terrorism? In order to definite terrorism, we should set some criteria in our mind such as target, objective, motive and legitimacy.
Target is one of the special criteria to determine whether some attacks constitude to terror or not. Most terrorists target a general populace than a specific individual or group. For example, if the target of attack is military base and facilities, it may not constitude to terrorism. Objective is another. The main objective of terrorism is to provoke fear and insecurity and to cause public shock and outrage. Motive is also an important factor to determine terrorism. Behind of these acts, there are usually some complex political or religious goals. Legitimacy is the last one of them.
Target is one of the special criteria to determine whether some attacks constitude to terror or not. Most terrorists target a general populace than a specific individual or group. For example, if the target of attack is military base and facilities, it may not constitude to terrorism. Objective is another. The main objective of terrorism is to provoke fear and insecurity and to cause public shock and outrage. Motive is also an important factor to determine terrorism. Behind of these acts, there are usually some complex political or religious goals. Legitimacy is the last one of them.
